Heathcliff and Hareton Earnshaw in Wuthering Heights Essay

Discuss the portrayal of Heathcliff and Hareton Earnshaw in WutheringHeights. Are they products of nature or nurture? I am going to look at the nature and nurture of both Hareton Earnshaw and Heathcliff, of Emily BrontÃÆ' «s Wuthering Heights, and try to decide whether these two characters are products of their nature or their nurture. A persons nature is the way they are born, their raw state of mind, the parts of their character unaffected by outside influence. A persons nurture is the way they are brought up, and they way they are influenced and shaped by society. The Lintons and Earnshaws are part of the Gentry class of Victorian England; they are both landowning families, fairly high up in the class hierarchy. But†¦show more content†¦This is not necessarily entirely due to Heathcliffs nature; it could also be attributed to nurture. This suspicion could be due to his cruel treatment as he was growing up; by Hindley especially, teaching him to trust no-one. This effect of nurture could also explain why Heathcliff doesnt welcome Lockwood into his house, or apprehend the dogs when they attack him. Heathcliff is looked upon favourably by Lockwood at first, he says he is a capital fellow, but this opinion changes as Lockwood is subject to Heathcliffs cruel and cold hearted attitude. He describes Wuthering Heights as being completely removed from the stir of society and a perfect misanthropists heaven: he soon realises that Heathcliff could be described in similar ways, especially after he is refused a guide home in a storm and is attacked twice by Heathcliffs dogs. Lockwood changes his mind about Heathcliff being a capital fellow; he goes on to describe him as a rough fellow to Nelly Dean, who replies, The less you meddle with him the better. It is a possibility that nurture doesnt affect Heathcliff greatly, and that he has an evil nature affecting how he treats other characters. An example of this is when he marries Isabella out of spite, and treats her in a very violent way: although this gives an insight into how Heathcliffs natureShow MoreRelatedWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1198 Words   |  5 Pagesaddictive yet destructive relationship between orphaned Heathcliff and Catherine. Wuthering Heights repeats cycles of relationships from the 1st generation of the Linton’s, Earnshaw’s, and Heathcliff’s transferred on to their children, the 2nd generation- Linton, Hareton, and the 2nd Catherine. Amongst this cycle, amorous and vengeful relationships are amid the family. However, the 2nd generation is able to accomplish the goal set by Heathcliff and the first Catherine finally putting an end to theRead MoreWuthering Heights1634 Words   |  7 Pagesfor her novel Wuthering Height, was inspired for her writing through her siblings from a young age. Brontà « was born in Yorkshire, England in 1818. She had one younger sibling, Anne, and four older ones, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, and Patrick Branwell. When Brontà « and her family moved to Haworth in West Yorkshire, Maria and Elizabeth both died of tuberculosis. Emily was raised in the rural countryside in solitude, which provided a background for her Gothic novel, Wuthering Heights. When Emily, CharlotteRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1283 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights is told from a complicated point of view. The narrator of the past is Nelly Dean, while the present time narrator is Mr. Lockwood. Set as a story within a story, Nelly tells Lockwood an eyewitness account of her dealings with the Earnshaws and the Lintons, while Lockwood is the outsider who records in his diary Nelly’s stories of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. From the novel’s beginning, L ockwood proves himself to be objective, while Nelly is subjectiveRead MoreEssay on Hareton vs. Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights1076 Words   |  5 PagesWuthering Heights is a book written by Emily Bronte, which consists of many static and dynamic characters. Its characters are oftentimes hard to decipher from one another, whether it be their names are similar, start with the same letter, or are the same name entirely. Wuthering Heights is about many issues of Bronte’s time, such as racism and class, through a love triangle between a free-spirited woman, a rich, well-mannered man, and a poor, discriminated man. Their love triangle outlives them andRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Brontà «1111 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Catherine and Heathcliff grow up together at Wuthering Heights, Catherine family home on the northern English moors. Heathcliff arrives as a gypsy founding. Catherine father Mr. Earnshaw raises him as a son. Catherine is a strong and wild beauty who shares Heathcliff wild nature Alone together on the moors Catherine and Heathcliff feel as if they are soul mates. But to Heathcliff despair outside forces begin to pull them a part. After falling in love with Catherine .She reject himRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1521 Words   |  7 Pages  Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontà « s only novel. Written between October 1845 and June 1846, Wuthering Heights was published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell; Brontà « died the following year, aged 30. Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontà « s Agnes Grey were accepted by publisher Thomas Newby before the success of their sister Charlotte s novel, Jane Eyre. After Emily s death, Charlotte edited the manuscript of Wuthering Heights, and arranged for the edited version to be published as a posthumousRead MoreTragic Family Relationships in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte 1018 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: In 1800 Century, Catherine and Heathcliff grow up together at Wuthering Heights, Catherine family home on the northern English moors. Heathcliff arrives as a gypsy founding. Catherine father Mr. Earnshaw raises him as a son. Catherine is a strong and wild beauty who shares Heathcliff wild nature Alone together on the moors Catherine and Heathcliff feel as if they are soul mates. But to Heathcliff despair outside forces begin to pull them a part. After falling in love with CatherineRead MoreWuthering Heights Victim vs. Victimizer1247 Words   |  5 Pagesof a victim. In Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, Heathcliff: an outsider brought into the wealthy Earnshaw family, Hindley: the eldest Earnshaw child with a strong dislike for Heathcliff, and Hareton: the orphaned child Heathcliff takes in to raise, are victims, yet they evolve to perpetuate the abuse they suffered. Being able to be or become a victim or victimizer show the complexity of these characters. Emily Bronte manipulates readers to pity Heathcliff, Hindley, and Hareton, in spite of theRead More The Notion of a Double in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesDouble in Wuthering Heightsnbsp;nbsp; Bronteuml;s Wuthering Heights is the captivating tale of two families and the relationships that develop between them.nbsp; The narrator, Mr. Lockwood, relates the story as told to him by Ellen, the housekeeper.nbsp; The novel contains an excellent illustration of the doppel-ganger, the notion of a double.nbsp; Generally, this concept is applied to specific characters, as in Poes William Wilson.nbsp; However, the concept appears in Wuthering HeightsRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 3443 Words   |  14 PagesRRS Wuthering Heights Title: Wuthering Heights Publication Date: 1847 Author: Emily Bronte Nationality: English Author’s Birth/Death dates: July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848 Distinguishing traits of the author: Emily Bronte, otherwise known as Ellis Bell, had many siblings growing up in the isolated town of Thornton, Yorkshire. One of which was Charlotte Brontà « author of the masterpiece, Jane Eyre. At the time of their publishment Jan Eyre was known as the superior book but over time Wuthering Heights

Biomimicry is a New Science to Solve Humans...

Biomimicry What is biomimicry? From bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate Biomimicry is a new science where entrepreneurs imitate nature’s time-tested processes, systems and designs to solve human’s sustainability problems. Sustainability Problem The sustainability problem referred to in this research project is the high energy consumption of air-conditioners in industrial facilities but also in households and its global and personal health problems (National Geographic online). There is too much money and electricity spent on air-conditioning all around the world, and percentages are rising. Air-conditioners have a negative impact on the environment as they can release refrigerants into the atmosphere, which deplete the ozone layer. Health hazards can also occur if air-conditioners are not maintained properly, as dirty filters allow allergens and pesticides to enter house and buildings. Nature’s solution Termites build some of the most impressive structures in the animal world, consisting of materials such as soil, dung and termite saliva and can be 8m high. The extremely porous walls allow ventilation and cooling systems, due to outside air being able to permeate the entire structure. Hypothesis: Modeling houses, offices, malls and other large buildings according to the principles of termite mounds would serve as a sustainable solution, as it would save money and decrease the amount of energy consumption.

To what extent is politics in Africa fundamentally connected to ethnicity Free Essays

Introduction The issues of ethnicity and its connection to Africa politics continue to be of great importance on the continent. In recent times, there have been debates on these matters, which have further intensified against the background of multicultural societies. The underline base of this essay is to examine and explore the extent to which politics in Africa are connected to ethnicity. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is politics in Africa fundamentally connected to ethnicity? or any similar topic only for you Order Now For two to three decades now, ethnicity has been at the centre of politics not only in Africa but also on the global front. Political liberalization has meant that ethnic group can now express their interests and lay claims on the state. â€Å"In the case of the former Czechoslovakia, there came the emergence of the two independent states. Slovakia and the Czech Republic†. The compositions of ethnicity control in states of Africa continue to be unabated. The essay we will be looking at some case study of how ethnicity is fundamentally connected to the politics within the states of Africa, also we will try if there are any political connections to ethnicity. â€Å"Ethnicity is a dynamic concept which may have an ethnic character as well as a class character, and class and ethnic conflicts may be waged simultaneously†(Markakis, 1998). According to Thomson, his definition of ethnicity is â€Å"an ethnic group community of people who have the conviction that there have a common identity and common fate based on issue of origin, kinship ties, tradition, cultural uniqueness, a shared history and possibly a shared language†. Ethnicity, religion, tribalism, and politics, these entire elements have a close relationship in most Africa state, and almost on the same terms. However, ethnicity has play a great role in the politics both in the negative and the positive ways, this essay will look at the extent of which this is connected to politics in Africa. The reappearance of ethnicity will be in two opposite ways, one will be the ethnic community under threat, and the other is the group dealing with their lost with the state and other powerful neighbours and rivals. Ethnicity could be a framework that will build a bridge of solidarity and liberation between two groups (Markakis, 1998). In Africa states, ethnicity and politics are one body since political parties will always find their root from an ethnic group. Often becoming major actors of that ethnic politics, and the principal instrument for it growth based on it ethnical foundation. An example of ethnicity playing a major role in Africa politics was seen in the colonial era where the Uganda army had recruited from the north tribe, while the people of the south were mainly in civil service. After independence, it became necessary to ‘Africanize the services’, however, it was difficult for the military because the commander in chief of Uganda army, and the same time the president of the country. ‘In fact, figures have indicated that in 1963 most that 50 per cent of the army were from Acholi, while others were from the West Nile (Markakis, 1998). Except in the field have always argue about the power struggle within the government, may invoke regional sentiments and Obote, and could mobilize the military in his favour. Using of a national army in favour can be refer to as politics base on ethnicity since the majority of the military are from one ethnic group (Omara-Otunnu, 1987). Ethnicity could not be talk about without mention of ‘tribalism’, Ethnicity could not be talk about without the mention of ‘tribalism’, since there are frequently used as a self-explanation of political events in Africa. Conflicts are mostly associated with tribes or ethnic group belonging to one political party. Such tribalistic interpretations of politics in Africa, is however worthless. Political scientists have beyond it to make it simple, to find why one tribe will attack the other. In the same way, ethnic group will be in conflict against each other (Thomson, 2010). Ethnicity is not and will not been a new concept in th e studies of African politics, it has become popular on the continent since the 1990s. Most of the conflict in Africa can be attributed to ethnic group, although they are much more complex and, there are instances, which they are not at all. Ethnicity will however, remain a contested concept, because scholars on both sides have always disagreed about what it means and how it come about (Hyden, 2006).However, there is tendency that of about fifteen years of conflict within some countries in Africa, it will fall back on the theory of ‘Ethnicity’. Conflicts in Africa can be explained, as the same anywhere in the world and it is not always attributed to ‘tribalism’. â€Å"In the case of Rwandan political scientists should have look towards overpopulation, land competition†¦ and the falling coffee prices†. The Tutsi domination of one state, made killings in Rwanda more ethnic base politics. â€Å"Ethnicity may often be the agent of political mobilisation in Africa, and it is rarely the primary cause of conflict† (Thomson, 2010). The primordial of tribal arguments are clearly wrong, as African ethnic groups are not of the past, or the leftover of history. However, ethnicity and ethnic group will continue to play a major role in social organisation and in the political and economic needs of the people on the continent of Africa. In as much as ethnicity is often regarded as a hindrance to Africa’s political and economic development in the post-colonial era. It has been view and power by some n ationalist in their argument (Thomson, 2010). Nevertheless, this condemnation of ethnicity, will not be necessarily accepted, due to the fact if operating in the right political gateway, ethnicity can become a progressive force of any type of social organisation. In the retrospect, ethnicity has made some positive contributions to politics in some Africa countries in the post-colonial era, in that it has managed to serve both state and civil society to some extent (Thomson, 2010). Moreover, there also are some negative contributions. According to â€Å"Justice Theodora Georgina Wood, she has condemned ethnicity in Ghanaian politics, saying that the phenomenon could create dangerous repercussions for Ghanaian society. She said what was required was the collective responsibility of all and sundry to sustain democratic governance in the country† (Wood, 1994). Based on these remakes, we will have a look at a case study on the effect of ethnicity on African politics. This case study will be about the ethnicity of Nigeria, Afri ca most popular nation. Located on the West cost of the continent, it consists of swamps and lagoons in the Niger River delta. Nigeria is also rank as one Africa is rich states, having benefited from the export of it oil reserves. According to the study by Thomson (2010), â€Å"the northern Hausa-Fulani consist is made up of 30 per cent of the total population; the western Yoruba are 20 per cent, while the eastern lbo covers 17 per cent†. Having seen the tribal divisions, it will be clear to note how ethnic groups can influence politics within Africa states. Under the colonial rule, the relationship between the ‘Yoruba’ clans has change dramatically, meanwhile, prior to that, there was no such thing, as a Yoruba political unity or ethnic identity. The people of the south-west Nigeria were not familiar with the team ‘Yoruba’ until the nineteenth century (Thomson, 2010). The colonial administration needed a larger community to operate upon to reduce costs and problems administration. On the other side of the colonial authorities were the religious groups (missionaries), these groups also wanted a bigger community for their people, and for them to have a common language. Hence, th e missionaries invented the Yoruba vernacular. Ethnic coalitions became larger for a new Morden states. The Nigeria had always enjoyed the ethno-regional constitution of their respective ‘culture brokers’ at the time of independence, by which there had the chance to change their chosen candidates, and consequently, giving the power back to the local regional community. This makes the domination of issues of ethnicity becoming more fundamentally connected to politics (Thomson 2010). Meanwhile, each region was governed by a political party that will be identify by one ethnic group. The Fulani-Hausa governed the north; the Yoruba were to the West, and the East to Ibo. In this, study Thomson draw our attention to the problem created after the military takeover in 1966, the intervention however was precipitated by more political turmoil. The politicians of the Ibo East did not agree with the northern Hausa-Fulani, who were the dominance of the military government. These move s of political reverie led the secession of the east, and the independent state of Biafra was declared in 1967. It was term as one the higher point in Nigeria’s political mobilisation based on ethnicity (Thomson, 2010). In Thomson’s conclusion he makes another remake of ethnicity playing part in the political conflict in the oil-producing Niger Delta region of the country. In another case in which ethnic groups playing a roles in politics in Africa, is within the Ghanaian like the Akans, are considered the most important ethnic group of Ghana. There consist of two major group: the Ashanti and Fanti. The Ashanti ethnic groups occupied the central area of Ghana; Ashanti ethnic were powerful within the region and needless to say, the confederacy was hated and feared, by both the Fanti and the northern groups. While the Fanti were quick to ally themselves with the European outposts and settlements along the coast. However, both Fanti and Ashanti are stemmed from common ethnic backgrounds, which could have a strong influence on political arena. Their ethnicity and ethnic group will play a role in connected to politics within the country and in Africa (Apter, 1972). â€Å"Indeed if were to decide on a nation’s conduct on political affairs based on religion and ethnicity, it will mean deliberately deciding that certain portions of our population be left out of political discourse in this country. Concerning ethnicity, the 2000 population census shows that the Akan are 69.1%, the Mole-Dagbani, 16.5%, Ewe, 12.7% and Ga-Adangbe, 8.0%. By these statistics, if we were to decide that we should conduct our politics based on religion or ethnicity, then some of us especially Northerners and Muslims would be effectively left out of political discourse in this land of our birth† (Mustapha, 1994). These and other studies on ethnicity and it connection to politics in Africa, can go beyond in the inter-ethnic composition. According to Mustapha’s statistic and Apter’s studies on the Akan’s ethnic group, it could be draw that since there have majority of the population. The New Patriotic Party (NPP) candidate for the 2008 elections Nana Akufo-Addo, who is from the Akan ethnic group, and the NPP being an Akan based political party could play role in ethnic politics. However, according to an article by the statesman’s newspaper, there was the need to learn of what ethnicity has done to countries likeRwanda and Cote D’Ivoire (Gabby, 2007). While these explanations and examinations to weather ethnicity may hold some contribution to politics in Africa, it is still risky to generalise. It has become evident to some class of scholars that while there is a national template for conflict, and each has its own scenario base on its own peculiarities and deserves to be studied in its own context. (Ake, 1996) The changing of socio-political realities in Africa and the dominate of traditional values has greatly influenced the study of ethnicity in Africa. The socio-economic pressure on one group of people in an Africa country can make a lot of difference to that group been it ethnic or social. Ethnic, tribal groups will not involve in a conflict just because there want to do so, but it will always begin with a one ethnic or tribal group. As to ethnicity being connected to politics in Africa, since no scholars of the field has or point to or give the conclusion; however, we have since that conflict and civil war has broken out amo ng ethnic or tribal groups and since trilbies and ethnicity are base on the same principles, than there can be link within these ethnic groups. References List: Ake, C. (1996). â€Å"The Political question†, in: O Oyediran (ed.) Governce and Development in Nigeria . Ibadan: Agbo Areo. Apter, D. E. (1972). GHANA IN TRANSITON 2ed Edition. New Jersey : PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS. Gabby,Q.(2007,May11). thestatesmanonline.com. Retrieved 22/05/2011,from http://www.thestatesmanonline.com. Hyden, G. (2006). African Politics in Comparative Perspective . New York: Cambridge University Press. Markakis, M. S. (1998). Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa. Stockhlom: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Mustapha, A. H. (1994). ghanaweb. Retrieved 04 22, 2011, from www.ghanaweb.com. Omara-Otunnu, A. (1987). Politics and the Military in Uganda. Palgrave Macmillan. Thomson, A. (2010). An Introduction to African Politics Third Edition. Abingdon : Routledge. Wood, J. T. (1994). ghanaweb.com. Retrieved April 17, 2011, from www.ghanaweb.com. How to cite To what extent is politics in Africa fundamentally connected to ethnicity?, Essay examples

One of the Same free essay sample

The alarm clock blares at one in the morning, knifing through the silence of the night. As I roll over in the bed I hear the shower turn on, followed by the garage door opening and closing. There he goes again, I mumble to myself. The day commences with a minimum of fourteen hours of work ahead of him. The job consists of picking up close to a thousand bread crates and delivering them to stores around Southeastern Wisconsin. Many don’t understand what it takes to do the job. The mental aspect of working third shift averaging four to five hours of sleep a night, working alone and being one of only several cars on the entire interstate. The physical aspect of lifting thousands of crates on and off the truck drains the body as each hour passes. The idea of having a day off is nonexistent. Seven days a week is the expected standard. We will write a custom essay sample on One of the Same or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Calling in sick is not an option. Taking a day off would result in a loss of a job. I can count on one hand how many days he has had off in the past year. No, not on the holidays, those are the busiest times for him. To say that my father works hard is an understatement. Not only does he work hard to provide for our family, but he somehow finds time to be a family man. Sacrificing sleep, he has been to all the games, concerts, graduations: every important milestone. Because of this, I call him my hero. When my father and I discuss my future he begins with, â€Å"Well, you don’t want to be a Bread Man.† He’s right. However, the values taught by my father have ironically caused me to take a bread man’s approach to anything I run into in life. Life isn’t easy. Hard work and sacrifice are two things that will allow you to get by. When I think I can’t go on, I remind myself of my father. I think of the day to day grind he goes through. This alone gives me the motivation to succeed.

Health Promotion Essay Example

Health Promotion Paper Health Promotion: Giving up Smoking in Pregnancy Introduction The object of this assignment is to critically appraise a health promotion initiative related to midwifery practice. The initiative chosen is a NHS Health Scotland leaflet entitled Smoking: giving up during pregnancy: a guide for pregnant women who want to stop smoking (NHS Health Scotland 2003). It will be referred to as the initiative or the leaflet throughout this assignment. The World Health Organisation (WHO) identified that health promotion was a way of equipping people to have more power enabling them to make choices in regard to improving their well-being (WHO 1986). Ewles and Simnett (2003) determine from this, that the fundamental elements of health promotion are improving health and empowerment. The Scottish Office paper Towards a Healthier Scotland (1999) recommended making more health promotion available for pregnant smokers. This appraisal will systematically review the literature relating it to the health promotion initiative chosen using Ewles and Simnett (2003) Five Approaches to Health Promotion model. It will furthermore evaluate the midwifes role in promoting the issue highlighted and conclude with a summary and any proposals to improve future practice. Critical Appraisal The Scottish Office paper Towards a Healthier Scotland (Scottish Office 1999) recommends reducing the numbers of women smoking during pregnancy from 29% to 20% in the next 5 years. According to the Health Education Authority (1999) the rate for smoking in pregnancy in the UK was 30% however nearly 90% classified smoking as dangerous to their unborn child. Johnston et al (2003) point out that smoking is the main preventable cause of disease and disability in the fetus and newborn. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Around 13 000 individuals die from smoking in Scotland each year (NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland 2004a). This initiative is based on the normative needs concept as it is influenced by expert opinion and government policies (Ewles and Simnett 2003). Epidemiological evidence in its favour allows the initiative to be evaluated by reduction in the mortality and morbidity (Naidoo and Wills 2000). This is cost effective because the initial resources for implementing the smoking cessation will be significantly less than the cost of hospitalisation later in life (NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland 2003). The leaflet that will be critiqued (appendix 1) is aimed at pregnant women who currently smoke but who want to give up. It is split into five sections titled: pregnancy and smoking; stopping smoking; tips for stopping; stopping smoking is worth it and thinking about your smoking. The Ewles and Simnett (2003) model comprises of five approaches to health promotion; medical approach; behaviour change approach; educational approach; client-centred approach and societal change approach. The behaviour change approach is the main focus for this initiative, although it does utilise aspects of all approaches. The behaviour change approach as described by Ewles and Simnett (2003) is a way of encouraging changes in an individuals attitudes and beliefs to take up a healthier lifestyle. It is, however considered by some, to be more forceful depending on the degree of encouragement and persuasion utilised (Crafter 1997, Norton 1998). The behaviour change approach uses a number of models to guide health promoters to facilitate clients to achieve a positive outcome. The Stages of Change Model (Prochaska and DiClemente 1984 as cited by Ewles and Simnett 2003) is a five stage cyclical model that has been found to be particularly useful in work with addictive behaviours (Naidoo and Wills 2000). This cycle incorporates a pre-contemplation stage where the individual is unaware of any need for change or has no interest in changing (Ewles and Simnett 2003). At this stage the midwife would assess whether the woman is genuinely not interested in stopping smoking at present and respect this decision but inform her she will be asked throughout her pregnancy about her smoking status (Crafter 1997, Dunkley 2000). The leaflet may still be issued as having the information readily at hand may prompt the individual to think about stopping smoking. The advantages of leaflets mean they allow individuals to read through them at their own pace (Ewles and Simnett 2003). The second stage is the contemplation stage where the individual is motivated to consider changing their behaviour, maybe she reads the leaflet and attempts to seek information (Naidoo and Wills 2000). The role of the midwife at this stage would be to determine why the woman smokes and what barriers she may face in stopping smoking (Dunkley 2000). The leaflet facilitates this by allowing the woman to question why she smokes and how she feels about it. It also seeks to establish what the woman feels is good and bad about smoking and how she anticipates changing her behaviour towards smoking. It has been suggested (McLeod et al 2003) that some midwives find it difficult to broach the subject of smoking particularly with women who have no desire to stop and those who are still considering stopping. However McLeod et al (2003) found from their qualitative study that women expected to be asked about smoking during routine antenatal care and indeed they felt it was part of the midwives role to ask. The preparation stage is where the woman is committed to giving up smoking. She may seek extra help and is likely to attempt change soon (Dunkley 2000). If the woman is in this planning stage she may benefit from smoking cessation services, which the midwife can offer such as Smokeline, or other local services. Within the leaflet is a free phone number for Smokeline (HEBS 2003) who offer advice and issue the booklet Aspire to Stop Smoking (HEBS and Action on Smoking and Health Scotland 2001). This supporting information helps the woman to discover what she can do to help herself to stop smoking. NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland (2004b) challenge the reliability of answers to questions Midwives and other health promoters may be asking individuals with regard to their interest in stopping smoking as that individual may feel that agreeing is what is expected. Hesitancy in answering may be indicative of reluctance to commit to stopping at present, so ensuring they understand that there are many options available in the future can enhance the chance of them stopping (NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland 2004b). The midwife would continue to support the individual during this time offering advice and encouragement (Crafter 1997) and also would remind the patient of the importance of social support from partners and friends (NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland 2004b). The findings from a study by McLeod et al (2003) concur with the need to have partner involvement. They found that although the women were supported by the midwives there was a failing in educating the partners to the womens needs while trying to stop smoking (McLeod et al 2003). Moreover Thompson et al (2004) would like to see this expanded out with the antenatal setting. This issue has been addressed in part by the initiative, which encourages the woman to seek partner involvement to support her at this time (HEBS 2003). The penultimate stage is the making the change stage this is when the woman is taking action (Naidoo and Wills 2000). NHS Lothian (2002) supports making a date to stop and sticking to it. One of the options is nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), which has caused debates over its place in smoking cessation during pregnancy (Dunkley 2000, McNeill et al 2001). McNeill et al (2001) found that using NRT, although not recommended in pregnancy, could be beneficial, as all the pollutants from actual cigarettes would not be delivered to the mother or the fetus. The final stage is the maintenance stage. It is vital that the midwife maintains good support through the postnatal period as Pollock (2003) found that 60% of women who give up during pregnancy restart smoking within 1 month of birth. Encouragement from the midwife to eat a sensible a diet (Crafter 1997) and use diversionary tactics like regular brushing of teeth and saving cigarette money up for treats (NHS Lothian) helps the woman to stay stopped. The leaflet in its favour mentions how other smokers managed to stop and what they have done to help themselves. In this final stage there is room for relapse or slipping. The leaflet lets individuals know it is ok to relapse but encourages them to learn from this. It also mentions some of the side effects that women may experience from nicotine withdrawal. The medical approach to health promotion aims to ensure individuals are disease and disability free (Ewles and Simnett 2003). This approach could be viewed as paternalistic, where professionals decide what is best for an individual (Crafter 1997) and as pregnancy is not a state of ill health (Dunkley 2000) it brings into question its validity in midwifery care. However women could jeopardise the health of themselves and their unborn child if they are involved in risk taking behaviour such as smoking during pregnancy. The initiative mentions some of the health risks involved such as miscarriage and low birth weight babies (HEBS 2003) but favourably does not go into detail to avoid victim-blaming. Within the medical approach such initiatives as General Practitioners or other health professionals advocating smoking cessation during consultations is found to be more useful than no mention at all (HEBS 1998) resulting in approximately 2% of smokers stopping long term. Recommendation 1. 2 of the Smoking Cessation Guidelines for Scotland (NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland 2004a) states that a midwife should ascertain a patients smoking status and discourage them from smoking at the earliest opportunity. The midwife should also offer support and treatment to aid cessation (NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland 2004a). Crafter (1997) identifies the need for midwives to give unbiased information, however justifies the obligation to educate women about damaging behaviour such as smoking during pregnancy. Facts specific to smoking in pregnancy are not included in the leaflet such as smoking in the first 3 months of pregnancy accounts for a quarter of low birth weight babies (Scottish Executive 2001). An educational approach to health promotion is giving individuals information to discover the health benefits or detriments for themselves (Ewles and Simnett 2003). Crafter (1997) argues that there can be no true educational approach when it comes to smoking in pregnancy because midwives would be unable to remain neutral due to the fact that evidence is available that clearly shows smoking is detrimental. Naidoo and Wills (2000) explain that the educational approach differs from the behaviour change model, as the educational model does not use encouragement to achieve its aims. NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland (2004b) concur with this view advocating that it is not the role of the midwife to persuade but to inform. They go on to defend the use of facts in conjunction with the leaflet. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) also emphasise the need for women to be informed of the risks, which can make a purely educational approach unattainable in relation to smoking cessation. The information could be available to patient who enquire about if for them to discover the advantages and disadvantages for themselves with the midwife advising them of where to find resources. In a study by Pullon et al (2003) it showed how suitable resources helped educate women to stop smoking. Critically however it appeared that the midwives concerned were involved in a more behavioural change role as then conclusion commented on the midwives powerful influence (Pullon et al 2003). The client-centred approach facilitates health promotion of things that the client feels will be of benefit (Ewles and Simnett 2003), this could mean that an individual may not consider that smoking cessation is an issue they want to address and as such the topic may never be discussed. This model is said to facilitate autonomy (Dunkley 2000) but as such the leaflet may never be looked. If however the client felt that smoking cessation was something she was interested in, the midwife would be able to offer any help that was available to her to empower the woman to achieve her objective (Crafter 1997). The societal change approach focuses on changing the whole society not just individuals within it (Ewles and Simnett 2003). Implementation of changes at community level or above looks to bring about changes to the attitudes and beliefs about smoking during pregnancy to the population. This would include laws such as that to be introduced in spring 2006 banning anybody smoking in enclosed public spaces in Scotland (Scottish Executive 2004). The majority of pregnant smokers are age 16-24 and low socio-economic groups highlighting the important fact that deprivation and inequality increase the incidences of smoking and of teen pregnancy (Lazenbatt et al 2000, NHS Health Scotland and ASH Scotland 2003). Conclusion Midwives play an important role in promoting the health and wellbeing of individuals and their families and delivery of health education (Scottish Executive 2001). The initiative appeared to have some weaknesses as a stand-alone leaflet, however as part of a multi-dimensional approach it emerged favourably. The midwife must endeavour to gain trust and support to deliver the required service and promote empowerment (Dunkley 2000). She must take care not to alienate the women that require her help. There must be a trusting relationship built up between the midwife and the woman to achieve a positive outcome. Approximately 20% of smoking mums give up during pregnancy and of them over 50% who gave up attributed it to being pregnant (HEA 1999) this indicates further that women want to stop and indeed manage successfully to stop smoking.

Water Advertisement

Water Advertisement Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Water Advertisement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The advertisement will focus on water and its necessity, as well as the want for water. It is needed by the human body to carryout life processes but it is also psychologically refreshing and pleasurable. After any physical activity or long presence in the sun, water is used to hydrate the organism. Any additions to water in a form of lime, cucumber and a number of any other flavors can enrich the taste or even add vitamins and minerals. Water is often used for diets and has a number of other health benefits (Chang, 2012). In the advertisement, a glass or a bottle will be pictured with a waterfall. The first perspective represents a hedonic need. It can serve two purposes, as in being needed because of its necessity and for the pleasures associated when quenching thirst. When seeing a glass or a bottle of water, the consumer wi ll associate the advertisement with the need for water in a purely physical aspect. Hedonic approach makes the use of the senses and appeals to the person’s natural need for something. In this case, everyone knows that life without water is impossible, so people understand that one way or another they will have to get water. Because in the cities there are rarely rivers or bodies of water or if they are present, drinking that water is rather unsafe due to pollution, people will purchase water. The advertisement plays a great role in how refreshing the water is imagined by the potential customer (Crowley, 1992). This marketing strategy is potentially successful, as it relates to everyday life and pleasure of satisfying thirst. The waterfall in the background reinforces the psychological need for water and adds to the freshness of the advertisement and water itself. The glass of water in the front catches the viewer’s attention and the clarity and transparency create a s ense of clean and fresh water. This sort of representation is very universal over cultures and nations, as all people in the world require water and are familiar with waterfalls. The target audience is all people, especially children, as the background and scenery is very natural and appealing to the eye. Even if people will not notice the glass at first, they will be drawn by the large natural scene and the view of the waterfall. After seeing the glass, the association will be almost immediate, as psychologically people are inclined to link things together (Stading, 2007). For a business or a corporation that gets involved with this sort of advertisement, there are many possibilities in what to present the audience with. The brand’s name could be written on the bottom, so that it is unnoticeable at first, and the potential customer will be forced to look at the advertisement for some time, before figuring out what it advertises. Or it could have a big bottle in the front wit h the company’s name, so that right away people know the product.Advertising Looking for assessment on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most important point is that people feel the need for the product and realize that without it they will be worse off. The marketing technique and presentation are extremely important, as well as the placement and display of the advertisement. It is crucial that the advertisement is legible and easy to comprehend, so that people know what is being offered and if they need it or not (Kraus, 2007). References Chang, H. (2012). Is Water H2O?: Evidence, Realism and Pluralism. Cambridge, England: Springer, 2012. Crowley, A. (1992). Measuring the Hedonic and Utilitarian Dimensions of Attitudes toward Product Categories Marketing Letters, 3(3), 239-249. Kraus, S. (2007). Marketing in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Review of Business Research, 7(3), 1-3. Stading, G. (2007). Delineating the Ease of Doing Business Construct within the Supplier-Customer Interface Journal of Supply Chain Management, 43(2), 1.

Essay paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper - Essay Example The economy; Globalization has affected the economy in both positive and negative ways, some of the advantages are availability of better quality goods in the market, this is because some countries are able to access raw materials at better prices than others and that are of acceptable standards. Quality is also improved by the fact that the sellers need to make sales that translate to profits and the only way to achieve this is to ensure that their goods are of the highest quality. In addition, there is the availability of cheaper goods, for example, Saudi can now import electronics and other stuff from China due to their affordability. Furthermore, globalization has led to diversity, and one can now buy goods that were once not available in their country but are sourced from another one. Saudi Arabia was known mainly for dates, but now people can get access to other food stuffs such as bananas from Mexico, rice from Pakistan and so on. Therefore, due to globalization, Saudi Arabia has now become one of the leading countries when it comes to providing for employment to people from other countries; for instance, the horn of Africa. However, there are disadvantages associated with globalization concerning its impact on the economy; such as stifling of the smaller companies through the competition brought about by globalization, which leads to their collapse while trying to put their foot in their home countries market. There are also cases of social injustices such as child labor as well unfair working conditions have increased. In the education system, standards of education have risen as countries seek to adopt other education systems into the country with the hope of making their citizens more learned and marketable. Often one can find a country having 2 or 3 education systems, so that it can cater to students that are not originally from that country.

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement Essay

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement failure Why - Essay Example The 26 years of Israeli occupation were the period, preceding the signed Oslo agreement (usually called Oslo Accord). These 26 years are divided into the two different periods: the first period is called 'easy conquest'1. It was the period, during which Israel kept around 15,000 of military occupiers at the Palestinian territory. This number was drastically increased during the period of Intifada, and according to various estimates, the number of Israeli troops at that time was more than 180,000; but in the period of 1981-83, the new rules of governing Palestinian people were implemented, and the indirect ruling was replaced by the Israeli manpower, which had to govern Palestinians at each level. This was the beginning of perception, that Palestinians didn't feel free and safe on their territory anymore, and thus the need of peaceful resolution was becoming more and more evident. What we see at present - are the consequences of the flawed process of Oslo agreement, which has been bui lt in the wrong direction from the very beginning. We have here to understand, what were the backgrounds of such agreement, and why Palestinians have not accepted it as the means of finding a common solution to their problem, as through the literary sources reviewed, Palestinians are depicted as the victims of the unfair attitudes, stated in Oslo Accord. The consequ The flaws of Oslo Accord and its failure as a means of finding peaceful agreement The consequences - violent confrontation, disproportionally massive Israeli repression and widespread Palestinian rebellion followed by the great loss of life, the majority of which is also Palestinian,2 are the examples of the situations witnessing the final stage of Oslo process failure. This process is stated to be flawed from the very beginning. 'Oslo was designed to segregate the Palestinians in non-contiguous enclaves, surrounded by Israeli-controlled borders, with settlements and settlement roads punctuating and essentially violating the territories' integrity, expropriations and house demolitions proceeding inexorably through the Rabin, Peres, Netanyahu and Barak administrations along with the expansion and multiplication of settlements (200,000 Israeli Jews added to Jerusalem, 200,000 more in Gaza and the West Bank), military occupation continuing, and every tiny step taken toward Palestinian sovereignty -- including agreements to withdraw in minuscule, agreed-upon phases - - stymied, delayed, cancelled at Israel's will'.3 I suppose that Oslo process has displayed a number of serious flaws, each of which has contributed into its failure, and thus is to be considered separately. The first flaw of the Oslo Accord and the peace process in general was in the fact that this very process has presupposed long period of 'mini-withdrawals' of the Israeli military occupiers, but only in exchange of Palestinian 'silence'.4 The core of this flaw is in the suggestion and unreal idea that Palestine would easily give up its attempts to win its territory and thus Israeli would have free opportunity to continue its occupation; but this belief was absolutely unreal. The second flaw was in the fact, that Oslo agreement implied Palestinians had to prove to the Israeli state, that they could be trusted, in exchange for certain small rewards. 5 This idea was stated by Aruri (2000)6 as

Lifting the Corporate Veil Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lifting the Corporate Veil - Coursework Example In addition, the Salomon decision entrenched the notion of advantageous benefits which are granted to shareholders in the form of limited liability. The dicta of Salomon has been endlessly restated and quoted in many cases; it appears to exist as an â€Å"unyielding rock†4; especially since it has now been incorporated into the Companies Act 20006. The courts have endlessly been faced with circumstances under which certain exceptions to the Salomon rule have been necessary and thus permitted. However, the courts have taken care to retain the power to ignore the Salomon principle in order that its flexibility be preserved and in most cases this has led to the preservation of the corporate veil. The narrow approach which is contained in the Companies Act embodies the view that the company’s rights, property and liabilities belong to the company only. The wider view claims that the company’s members are prohibited from having any effect on or being counted in relati on to the legal obligations and obligations of the company.5 The existing statutory exceptions to the lifting of the veil are rather difficult to determine with a great amount of certainty;6 the concept that Salomon is a fundamental principle results in it being set aside with difficulty and even some reluctance on the part of the courts.7 As Lord Diplock claims, the statutory basis of the corporate veil is preserved, so that â€Å"any Parliamentary intention to pierce the corporate veil would be expressed in clear and unequivocal language†, however the lack of such clear language could still have the potential to allow the courts to pierce the veil in specific circumstances by way of a â€Å"purposive construction’ of Parliament’s intention†.8 However, the case of Tunstall iterates that it is important to remember that the â€Å"purposive instruction† must be evident, because it is not readily implied (542). 9 Other additional statutory provisions also provide the opportunity to lift the veil under specific circumstances, such as the taxation of group companies. It is often argued that such provisions do not lift the veil exactly; they instead impose supplementary obligations on subsidiaries and are termed ‘piercing’ the veil rather than ‘lifting’ the veil. Alleged fraud additionally grants the justification to lift the veil – this is indeed understandable. The Insolvency Act 1986 operates to allocate personal liability to directors or shareholders if it appears that the company has been formed for fraudulent activities,10 if evidence of director misconduct is evident, or if the company directors have been negligent by not winding up the company if it has little or no prospect of carrying on. Such provisions contain the potential to be defined and applied broadly, yet the danger of this is arguably small under the circumstances. The existence of such statutory provisions emphasize the major t emptation and potential of company members abusing of the corporate veil, and the courts have appropriately recognised and established the need to eliminate as far as necessary this possibility, and thus temptation. In the decision of Merchandise Transport,11 the court declined to retain the corporate personality of the company separate from its members where it had been discovered that the subsidiary company had been formed as a mechanism to avoid specific formalities when acquiring a favourable licence. Additionally, a facade has been revealed where a company had

Altruism

Altruism Altruism occurs when one individual, while helping others, selflessly incurs a danger to themselves decreasing their chances of survival Sherman (1977). Two theories develop from altruism, kin selection theory and the theory of reciprocal altruism. Kin selection theory of altruism argues that altruism was developed to increase the survival of relatives Hamilton (1964) and that acts of altruism should be directed towards family rather than non-relatives. (Trivers, 1971; Cosmides Tooby 1992) argued that the theory of reciprocal altruism is infact long-term cooperation and the assistance that is given at the time will be reciprocated another time in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to remember who has helped them before and not offer any assistance to those who have failed to reciprocate. For this theory to be successful it also requires a somewhat stable group as short term, migrating members may not be able to upkeep the promise to perform the required act at a later date. The theories of kin selection and reciprocity, although seemingly different are not incompatible. Sadly, altruism does not always happen. Environmental factors play a very large part in whether an individual will engage in acts of altruism. Socialization, modelling and reinforcement play a key role in promoting pro-social behaviour and attitudes Eisenberg Mussen (1989); Janoski et al. (1998). When children are exposed to models of kindness and helping, be it from television or from others around them, they are more likely to put the welfare of humans and other animals above their own Sprafkin et al (1975). Television programmes that show these acts influence a strong positive effect on the viewers pro-social behaviour Hearold (1986). The norm of reciprocity and the norm of social responsibility are especially relevant to helping behaviour (De Creamer van Lange, 2001; Miller at al., 1990). The norm of reciprocity that we should return the favour when someone treats you kindly and the norm of social responsibility expects that we should help others and contribute to societys welfare. When we live by these norms we are reinforced with praise and when we do not we feel guilt and receive disapproval. In society we also notice when others receive praise for adhering to these norms. As humans get older, pro social norms, morals and values are internalized and form strong self reinforcements like pride and satisfaction to maintain pro-social behaviour even when positive reinforcement is not available. Studies by Eisenberg Valiente (2002) confirm that socialization matters as children are more likely to act pro-socially when raised by parents who have high moral standard and are warm and supportive encouraging their chi ldren to feel empathy and to â€Å"put themselves in other peoples shoes† (Janssens Dekovic, 1997; Krevans Gibbs, 1996). Beliefs about why and when to help have cross cultural differences such as the study done by Miller (1990) who found that Hindu children and adults in India have the belief that one has a moral obligation to help friends or strangers no matter if the situation is mild or serious. When compared to the Indias Hindus way of thinking, American children and adults differ in their view and feel less obligated to help and regard as more of a choice Eckensberger Zimba (1997). Most pro social acts are done with the expectation of a reward of self reinforcement or a form of reciprocity but humans are capable of committing a selfless act of aiding someone without concern for ones wellbeing, an act of altruism. C. Daniel Batsons empathy altruism hypothesis suggests that altruism does exist and is caused by empathy which is the ability to put oneself in the place of another and to share the emotions being felt by that person (Batson, 1991; Batson et al., 2002). In an experiment conducted by Batson et al (1981) female students empathy for another female who was an accomplice to the experiment was increased and decreased by leading them to identify and believe that her values were similar and dissimilar to their own. The experiment is consistent with the empathy altruism hypothesis showing that high empathy participants were most likely to voluntarily change places but is it people reacting out of pure virtue of empathy or is it to avoid the guilt that may plag ue them for not interfering. The negative state relief model suggests that high empathy cause us to feel distress when we learn of others suffering and by helping them relieve their own stress it reduces their personal stress making their actions non altruistic (Cialdini et al., 1997). The term â€Å"safety in numbers† doesnt translate well in emergencies and help the victim as the more people present encourages each person not to help because of social comparison or diffusion of responsibility and is more likely to occur when the bystanders are strangers and not kin or friends of the victim Latanà © Rodin (1969). Factors that explain why people may be helpful in some situations but not others. We are more likely to help when we are in a good mood (Salovey et al., 1991). Pre-exisiting guilt when were feeling guilty about something weve recently done increases helping Regan et al (1972). Even though feeling guilt and being helpful are two different actions guilt helps increase our likelihood of assisting others. Also when there is a model to follow such as someone helping a motorist or giving blood, this act increases social behaviour (Sarason et al., 1991). When we are not under pressure, have extra time and not in a hurry we help more. Factors that show why some people may receive help more than others: Similarity A person is more likely to help and identify with the victims situation when the victim things similar to them such as dress, attitudes and nationality (Dovidio, 1984). Gender Women and men are equally likely to be helped by female bystanders but women are more likely to receive help more than men when aid is from a male bystander (Eagly Crowley, 1986). Perceived Responsibility When someone is in need of help and their situation is viewed as something caused by factors beyond their control, they are more likely to receive help such as people who have been affected by a natural disaster versus homeless people who are perceived to be unwilling to work (Blader Tyler, 2002; Weiner, 1996). Lerner (1980)s just world hypothesis suggests that people believe that the world is a just place and the rule of karma prevails. They perceive that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. These beliefs have the effect on some to conclude that persons who have misfortunes such as being raped or contracting AIDS deserve their fate (Ford et al., 1998; Wyer et al., 1985) thereby justifying why they shouldnt help the individual as there is no responsibility to help. A way to increase Pro-social Behaviour is through â€Å"mandatory volunteerism† which is used in the academic and corporate world. Participants increased volunteerism in later life from these acts are not consistent as seen in research done by (Janoski et al., 1998;Stukas, 1999). Their research show that the outcome depends on personal rewards that the volunteers will receive and the awareness of human needs. A second approach which is consistent to the social learning theory is the exposure of pro social models to people. This is used to promote blood drives and increase donations (Sarason et al., 1991). When feelings of empathy are established and people are properly socialized will increase the chances of those people helping others Eisenberg (2000) as well as those who feel a close connection to their communities will feel socially responsible to help others Clark, M (1978). If society is educated and exposed to helping models and information, bystander intervention may be decreased and the tendency to help others in an emergency, increased Beaman, A.L. et al (1978).

Downfall Of The American Dream in The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby

Authors use symbolism in their written expressions in order to enhance the thematic interests of the novel. The use of symbolism allows the reader to interpret the story, which in turn, stimulates a more personal, imaginative, and meaningful experience. Scott F. Fitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby, became an instant classic because of the symbolism used to enhance the theme throughout the novel. Without this symbolism, the theme of the withering American Dream would have been less than adequate, and the book would have never attained the status and popularity among readers that it does today. The most prominent and influential symbols are the green light, Gatsby’s shirts, and the Valley of Ashes. When Gatsby is first seen, “he stretched out his arms toward…a single green light, minute and far way, that might have been the end of a dock.';(Fitzgerald 26) The green light that he appears to be reaching for is the light on Daisy’s dock. In Gatsby’s early life he had a romantic relationship with Daisy. However, he went away to war and when he came back she was married to an extremely wealthy man, Tom Buchanan. Gatsby concluded in his own mind that in order to win Daisy’s love, he too had to become wealthy. After he established himself financially, he bought a house directly across the water from Daisy and her green light. He associates Daisy with the green light, and it becomes a symbol of her throughout the novel. “The whole being of Gatsby exists only in relation to what the green light symbolizes.';(Bewley 41) Gatsby becomes so infatuated with the green light that it is almost as if Daisy does not even exist. She becomes no more than a romant ic dream within the green light on the dock. At last he realizes this when he and Daisy meet and, while staring at the green light, link arms. He finally attains what he thought he wanted and the green light becomes no more than a green light. This false sense of reality brings Gatsby great melancholy when he realizes that Daisy is not as great as he thought she was. This is similar to the feelings immigrants were overcome by when they reached America. They had been told their whole lives that America was the land of opportunity and that the streets were paved with gold, but when they got there they realized it wasn’t all that different from the homeland which they so eagerly deserted.